The Sundarbans dilemma: Islands swallowed by water, and nowhere else to go
In West Bengal, India, a group of low-lying islands and the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world make up the Sundarbans Forest system. The Sundarbans act as a natural barrier against natural disasters and environmental hazards, as well as a carbon sink. Four cyclones have hit India’s eastern coast from 2019 to 2021, displacing residents of the Sundarbans with government warnings that the region is no longer safe for human habitation. Government relief has been aggravating pre-existing susceptibilities of caste and gender, as relief is selective and contingent on existing land holdings. In addition, the islands are eroding too quickly to relocate people safely. Women-headed households are more common in the Sundarbans than in any other Indian region due to men engaging in distress-forced migration and informal migratory labor, taking them away from their homes. These households face high debts and dependents. As the salinity of the water around the Sundarbans increases, so does commercial brackish water shrimp farming. Women are paid poorly to collect prawn seeds, standing in saltwater for up to six hours. The briny water causes reproductive health issues in women such as pelvic inflammation and urinary tract infections. In addition, the increased salinity is degrading the mangrove ecosystem. Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, became the first claimant for climate-induced loss and damage from the UN Loss and Damage Fund. The requested fund will include money for the climate-displaced residents of the Sundarbans. As money allocation is subject to political leanings, uncertainty surrounds when and how capital will be distributed and how climate resilience will be implemented.